The new material

1 physical.

2 real, actual (real).

3 material, bodily.

1 material (sustancia).

material de desecho waste material

2 equipment (instrumentos).

material bélico war material

materiales de construcción building materials

material escolar school materials

material de guerra war material

material de oficina office stationery

3 cloth, material.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (en general) material; (físico) physical

2 (real) real

■ el autor material del asesinato the murderer

► nombre masculino

1 (sustancia) material

2 (conjunto de cosas) material, materials plural, equipment

3 (datos, información) material

\

material escolar teaching material(s)

material de guerra war material

material de oficina office stationery

materiales de construcción building materials

materiales de desecho waste material sing

* * *

1) material

2) stuff

* * *

1. ADJ

1) [ayuda, valor etc] material

2) (=físico) physical

3) (=real)

2. SM

1) (=materia) material

2) (=equipo) equipment

3) (Tip) copy

4) * (=cuero) leather

5)

* * *

a) <necesidades/ayuda/valor> material

b) <autor/causante> actual

c) ( uso enfático)

1) (elemento, sustancia) material

2)

a) ( útiles) materials (pl)

b) (datos, documentos, etc) material

•

- material bélico

- material de oficina

- material didáctico/escolar

- material fotográfico

- material móvil or rodante

* * *

a) <necesidades/ayuda/valor> material

b) <autor/causante> actual

c) ( uso enfático)

1) (elemento, sustancia) material

2)

a) ( útiles) materials (pl)

b) (datos, documentos, etc) material

•

- material bélico

- material de oficina

- material didáctico/escolar

- material fotográfico

- material móvil or rodante

* * *

material¹

¹ = equipment, material, matter, stuff, fare, infrastructure, fodder, material.

material²

² = artifactual, material.

* * *

1 ‹necesidades/ayuda› material; ‹valor› material

los daños materiales eran graves the damage to property o the material damage was serious

está muy apegado a los bienes materiales he is very materialistic, he cares a lot about material possessions

(uso enfático): no tengo tiempo material para cosértelo I really don't have time to sew it for you

ante la imposibilidad material de asistir al acto since it was quite impossible for her to attend the ceremony

3 ‹autor/causante› actual

1 (elemento, sustancia) material

es un material muy flexible it is a very flexible material

materiales para la construcción building materials

( RPl) ( Const): de material brick ( before n)

( ant); plastic

1 (útiles) materials (pl)

2 (datos, documentos, etc) material

está reuniendo material para el artículo she is collecting material for the article

( period); military equipment

reclaimed o secondhand building materials (pl)

(probetas, retortas, etc) laboratory apparatus; (sustancias químicas) laboratory materials (pl)

office stationery

teaching materials (pl)

school materials (pl), school things (pl) ( colloq)

(papel, películas) photographic materials (pl); (lentes, filtros) photographic equipment

rolling stock

* * *

a) ‹necesidades/ayuda/valor› material;

◊ daños materiales damage to property, material damage

b) ‹autor/causante› actual

◊ materiales para la construcción building materials

◊ material de oficina office stationery;

* * *

♦ adj

1. [físico] physical;

los daños materiales fueron cuantiosos the physical damage o damage to property was considerable;

el objeto robado no tenía ningún valor material the stolen object had no material o financial value

2. [real] real, actual;

el autor material del asesinato the person actually responsible for carrying out the murder;

no hay tiempo material para discutir el problema there's simply no time to discuss the problem

♦ nm

1. [sustancia] material

material genético genetic material;

material refractario heat-resistant o fireproof material

2. [datos, información] material;

no hay suficiente material como para escribir una novela there isn't enough material to write a novel

3. [instrumentos] equipment

material bélico military equipment;

materiales de construcción building materials;

material deportivo sports equipment;

material didáctico teaching materials;

material escolar school materials;

material fotográfico photographic equipment;

material fungible [desechable] disposable materials;

material de guerra war material;

material de laboratorio laboratory materials;

material de oficina office supplies

4. Esp Fam [droga] gear, merchandise

5. RP

una casa de material a house built of brick, a brick-built house

* * *

m/adj material

* * *

material adj

1) : material, physical, real

daños materiales : property damage

material nm

1) : material

material de construcción: building material

2) equipo: equipment, gear

* * *

material n

1. (sustancia) material

2. (equipo) equipment

= a-v material, audiovisual item, audiovisual material, AV material, audiovisual aids, audiovisual media

Ex. 1/3 of a-v material bought by New York libraries is for the young but placed in the adult section.

Ex. The data base contains a large number of audio-visual items, music and serials.

Ex. For example, NEMROC provides a forum for libraries in the region of Newcastle with good collections of audio-visual materials to pool their ideas.

Ex. Overhead projector transparencies, and slides are the AV materials most used.

Ex. Pupil's creativity and inquisitiveness must be encouraged through up-dated school libraries equipped with audio-visual aids and information technology.

Ex. Academic libraries house an even wider range of audiovisual media to meet the needs of pupils, students and staff.

* * *

(n.) = copyright material, copyrighted material

Ex. Problems of controlling the reproduction of copyright material are increasing with the development of new technology.

Ex. A solution needs to be developed for solving the problem of making copyrighted material available over the Internet.

* * *

(n.) = copyright material, copyrighted material

Ex. Problems of controlling the reproduction of copyright material are increasing with the development of new technology.

Ex. A solution needs to be developed for solving the problem of making copyrighted material available over the Internet.

* * *

(n.) = multimedia publisher

Ex. He believes that the lack of such harmonization is actually deterring some multimedia publishers from launching new products.

* * *

•

The technique eliminates the need to design...

•

The development of the high-speed wind tunnel obviated the need for these techniques.

•

The method obviates the necessity for (or dispenses with) a second light source.

•

The new material will save costly grinding and finishing.

•

This makes shaft lining unnecessary in hard massive rocks.

•

The float process does away with the polishing operations.

•

Thus the need to store substantial quantities of spares will be avoided.

•

This eliminates the necessity for manual adjustments.

•

The new device eliminates the need for (or of) the coupling capacitor.

•

They have done away with the need for lenses.

•

This approximation dispenses with the need for complex computer calculations.

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.

The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.

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(v.) = undermine + Posesivo + confidence, erode + Posesivo + confidence, sap + Posesivo + confidence

Ex. He can experiment without anxiety because at each trial the new material can be supported by the old so that his confidence is not undermined if it fails.

Ex. At first, analyzing the way he went about his work eroded his confidence, threw him off balance, dimmed some of his energetic spirit.

Ex. This ideology subordinated all women by belittling their achievements, sapping their confidence, and convincing them that they were really inferior to men.

* * *

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Edwin Land's career began when, as a Harvard undergraduate in the late 1920s, he became interested in the possibility of developing a polarizing filter in the form of a thin sheet, to replace the crystal and stacked-glass devices then in use, which were expensive, cumbersome and limited in size. He succeeded in creating a material in which minute anisotropic iodine crystals were oriented in line, producing an efficient polarizer that was patented in 1929. After presenting the result of his researches in a Physics Department colloquium at Harvard, he left to form a partnership with George Wheelwright to manufacture the new material, which was seen to have applications as diverse as anti-glare car headlights, sunglasses, and viewing filters for stereoscopic photographs and films. In 1937 he founded the Polaroid Corporation and developed the Vectograph process, in which self-polarized photographic images could be printed, giving a stereoscopic image when viewed through polarizing viewers. Land's most significant invention, the instant picture, was stimulated by his three-year-old daughter. As he took a snapshot of her, she asked why she could not see the picture at once. He began to research the possibility, and on 21 February 1947 he demonstrated a system of one-step photography at a meeting of the Optical Society of America. Using the principle of diffusion transfer of the image, it produced a photograph in one minute. The Polaroid Land camera was launched on 26 November 1948. The original sepia-coloured images were soon replaced by black and white and, in 1963, by Polacolor instant colour film. The original peel-apart "wet" process was superseded in 1972 with the introduction of the SX-70 camera with dry picture units which developed in the light. The instant colour movie system Polavision, introduced in 1978, was less successful and was one of his few commercial failures.

Land died in March 1991, after a career in which he had been honoured by countless scien-tific and academic bodies and had received the Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honour in America.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Synthetic materials, Textiles

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He early showed an aptitude for chemistry and in 1853 entered the Royal College of Chemistry as a student under A.W.von Hofmann, the first Professor at the College. By the end of his first year, he had carried out his first piece of chemical research, on the action of cyanogen chloride on phenylamine, which he published in the Journal of the Chemical Society (1857). He became honorary assistant to von Hofmann in 1857; three years previously he had set up his own chemical laboratory at home, where he had discovered the first of the azo dyes, aminoazonapththalene. In 1856 Perkin began work on the synthesis of quinine by oxidizing a salt of allyl toluidine with potassium dichromate. Substituting aniline, he obtained a dark-coloured precipitate which proved to possess dyeing properties: Perkin had discovered the first aniline dye. Upon receiving favourable reports on the new material from manufacturers of dyestuffs, especially Pullars of Perth, Perkin resigned from the College and turned to the commercial exploitation of his discovery. This proved highly successful. From 1858, the dye was manufactured at his Greenford Green works as "Aniline Purple" or "Tyrian Purple". It was later to be referred to by the French as mauve. Perkin's discovery led to the development of the modern dyestuffs industry, supplanting dyes from the traditional vegetable sources. In 1869, he introduced two new methods for making the red dye alizarin, in place of the process that involved the use of the madder plant (Rubia tinctorum). In spite of German competition, he dominated the British market until the end of 1873. After eighteen years in chemical industry, Perkin retired and devoted himself entirely to the pure chemical research which he had been pursuing since the 1850s. He eventually contributed ninety papers to the Chemical Society and further papers to other bodies, including the Royal Society. For example, in 1867 he published his synthesis of unsaturated organic acids, known as "Perkin's synthesis". Other papers followed, on the structure of "Aniline Purple". In 1881 Perkin drew attention to the magnetic-rotatory power of some of the substances he had been dealing with. From then on, he devoted particular attention to the application of this phenomenon to the determination of chemical structure.

Perkin won wide recognition for his discoveries and other contributions to chemistry.

The half-centenary of his great discovery was celebrated in July 1906 and later that year he received a knighthood.

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SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology, Synthetic materials

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Whinfield was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and Caius College, Cambridge, where he studied chemistry. Before embarking on his career as a research chemist, he worked as an un-paid assistant to the chemist C.F. Cross, who had taken part in the discovery of rayon. Whinfield then joined the Calico Printers' Association. There his interest was aroused by the discovery of nylon by W.H. Carothers to seek other polymers which could be produced in fibre form, usable by the textile industries. With his colleague J.T. Dickson, he discovered in 1941 that a polymerized condensate of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, polyethylene terephthgal-late, could be drawn into strong fibres. Whinfield and Dickson filed a patent application in the same year, but due to war conditions it was not published until 1946. The Ministry of Supply considered that the new material might have military applications and undertook further research and development. Its industrial and textile possibilities were evaluated by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) in 1943 and "Terylene", as it came to be called, was soon recognized as being as important as nylon.

In 1946, Dupont acquired rights to work the Calico Printers' Association patent in the USA and began large-scale manufacture in 1954, marketing the product under the name "Dacron". Meanwhile ICI purchased world rights except for the USA and reached the large-scale manufacture stage in 1955. A new branch of the textile industry has grown up from Whinfield's discovery: he lived to see most people in the western world wearing something made of Terylene. It was one of the major inventions of the twentieth century, yet Whinfield, perhaps because he published little, received scant recognition, apart from the CBE in 1954.

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. в котором используется

•

Advantage was taken of the new material.

•

This information will be put to (or into) use in the next chapter.

•

This basic action is still of service in several systems.

•

Use has been made of this invention in...

•

Hydrogen can serve in a variety of energy converters.

•

This property has been exploited (or utilized, or taken advantage of) numerous technical applications.

•

A few other antiknock additives have seen some use (or have found applications, or have been applied).

•

Solar cells are harnessed to drive cars.

•

The basins have been in service for eight years.

•

Such tubes will continue in use.

•

Devices of this kind are already in service in radar technology.

•

This chapter describes how these mechanisms are made use of (or used, or utilized) in the field-effect transistor.

•

Electromechanical devices can be relied on in a great variety of control applications.

•

Natural underground reservoirs of hot steam and hot water are now being tapped on a significant scale.

* * *

 The basic heat exchanger configuration has been utilized to study the effect of increasing solidity on heat transfer.

 The system is still in use in some installations.

 The enthalpy is involved as a consequence of the flow work at the inlet and outlet.

— аналогичный... используется в случае

— в настоящее время используются

— в основном... используются в

— вселять уверенность в том, что в будущем для... будет использоваться

— для этого использовался

— довольно широко использоваться

— использовались и используются

— использоваться в качестве

— использоваться в том же значении, что и

— использоваться в умеренной степени

— использоваться вместо

— использоваться главным образом в

— использоваться для

— использоваться для предотвращения пожара

— использоваться для привода

— использоваться до настоящего времени

— использоваться исключительно для

— использоваться наравне с

— использоваться повседневно

— использоваться почти на пределе... возможностей

— использоваться совместно

— используется

— используется определение

— используются только

— наиболее часто используются

— не использовался

— непосредственно использоваться

— повсеместно использоваться

— повсеместно используются инженерами

— постоянно использоваться

— что именно используется..., зависит от

— широко использоваться

— широко используется с тех пор

. для лёгких грузов

•

The instrument is light in weight.

•

The new material is lightweight and flexible.

•

Keratin production provides a relatively facile (or easy) way to determine the degree of differentiation.

* * *

 Light-weight gasketed covers shall seal the frame to prevent the entrance of dirt.

— лёгкие постукивания

— лёгкий доступ

. в котором используется

•

Advantage was taken of the new material.

•

This information will be put to (or into) use in the next chapter.

•

This basic action is still of service in several systems.

•

Use has been made of this invention in...

•

Hydrogen can serve in a variety of energy converters.

•

This property has been exploited (or utilized, or taken advantage of) numerous technical applications.

•

A few other antiknock additives have seen some use (or have found applications, or have been applied).

•

Solar cells are harnessed to drive cars.

•

The basins have been in service for eight years.

•

Such tubes will continue in use.

•

Devices of this kind are already in service in radar technology.

•

This chapter describes how these mechanisms are made use of (or used, or utilized) in the field-effect transistor.

•

Electromechanical devices can be relied on in a great variety of control applications.

•

Natural underground reservoirs of hot steam and hot water are now being tapped on a significant scale.

. для лёгких грузов

•

The instrument is light in weight.

•

The new material is lightweight and flexible.

•

Keratin production provides a relatively facile (or easy) way to determine the degree of differentiation.

. следует обратить внимание на; уделять внимание

•

We call ( your) attention to the extensive Supplement.

•

Attention is drawn to the fact that the new material does not ignite.

•

Special attention (or consideration) must be given to waves with a zero phase velocity.

. наделять свойством; особенность; отличительная черта; придавать свойства; улучшенные свойства; характерная особенность

•

High-bromine compounds often impart self-extinguishing characteristics to other materials.

•

The mechanical properties of polymeric materials are very complex.

•

The features of the new material will be described below.

•

Using the new material, the holes could be drilled to size without reaming.

•

there is increasing evidence that the new material can withstand severe weather conditions.

•

there is increasing evidence that the new material can withstand severe weather conditions.